# REFORMS & COMMITTEES#

Year	What?
	Ayyengar Committee
1952	Special Reorganisation Unit	To economise on staff; using work study to evolve norms for work
1954	Central Organisation and Management Division	Set up in Central Secretariat. Later O&M units were created in several ministries. To streamline procedures and improve efficiency
1964	Department of Administrative reforms	To provide a more focused approach for reforms
1966	First ARC	To undertake a comprehensive task of examining the machinery of GoI and its procedures of work
	5th Central Pay Commission	Laid emphasis on downsizing the government
2000	Expenditure Reforms Commission	Examined the structure of various ministries and departments
2008	Sixth Central Pay Commission	Introduced the concept of running pay bands

MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM -2

Judicial Administration-

•Emperor was the fountainhead of justice and highest appeal lay to him

•Sadr-i-Sudur decided important civil cases especially of a religious character

•Chief Qazi (Qazi-ul-Quzat) was the highest judicial officer

•Main judicial funcationaries

–Mufti: expounded the law

–Qzai: investigated the evidence

–Miradi: delivered the judgement

•Miradi acted as a counterpoise to the Qazi’s influence

Revenue Administration-

•It adhered to the old practices, procedures and traditions of the country

•Revenue Dept under Wazir/Diwan

•Diwans also at the provincial level

•Krori at local level to collect revenue

•Mughal state was essentially a revenue collecting state.

•Bitikchi

               –Land records and deeds

               –First time?

MANSABDAR

Mansabdari System-

•No division between civil and military functions of the state

•The mansabdari system determined the rank, pay-scale and the position of the imperial officer in the royal court in respect of other government officers

Conclusions-

•The monarchy, though benevolent, was backward in its outlook.

•Elements of democracy were conspicuous by their absence.

•It contained no element of self-criticism and endogenous reforms

•Through their administration they installed an element of homogeneity in the governance of the country

•A useful element introduced by them was of compiling and codifying all the records.

•Although it was a muslim state, no discrimination was made in the selection of personnel 

MUGHALS ADMINISTRARION PART - 1

  Mughal Administration

                        FEATURES

•   Mughals imported certain foreign elements into their administrative system–Perso-Arabic system in the Indian setting.

•   Based on the military system: Mansabs

•   Centralized despotism

•   Blend of religion and politics existed

•   Paper administration: growth of official records

•   Aim: police duties and revenue collection

•   System of public corporations

•   Administration of justice largely left to local administration

•   Villages and small towns enjoyed ‘parochial’ self-government rather than local autonomy. They had no political freedom

Personnel Administration

•    All civil servants were enrolled in the army as  mansabdars–Although no military obligation was  always incumbant on the mansabdar

•    Principle of hierarchy and job  classification can  be seen

•    Recruitment: entirely in king’s hand

•    Transfer: king had the final say

•    Pay: Each grade had a pay out of which one had to also maintain a troop. Jagir system was also prevelant.

•    Despite job classification an officer could be at any time entrusted with a new duty; all offices were inter-changeable

•    Doctrine of escheat: jagir and mansab were not hereditary. The property escheated to the  crown on the death of the mansabdar/jagirdar. 

        •     Worked on the maxim: ‘career open to talent’

        •     Appointment: rested with the emperor

        •     Qualification: no hard and fast rule

        •     No rules of promotion

Provincial Administration

•   Provincial admin was a miniature of the central admin

•   Divided the empire into 15 subahs

–Incharge: subedar

–Number of Subahs increased later

–Subedar concentrated in his hands the civil and military powers of the province

–Subedar’s court was the highest court of appeal in the subah

–He was transferred every 3-4 years

•   Subedar and Diwan had almost similar status in a subah.

–This led to conflicts and violation of the principle of unity of command

•   Sadar, ulema, qazi, fauzdar etc

•   Provincial Bakshi was incharge of the military establishment

•    Kotwal was incharge of police in big towns

•   The central govt maintained a regulating chain of communication between itself and the provincial governments. 

Local Administration

•   Subah divided into sarkars. Sarkars divided into Paraganas. Paraganas into villages.

•   District governed by a shiqdar or a faujdar

•   Amalguzar: head of revenue administration (aka Krori)

–Revenue collectors were under orders not to oppress the cultivators while collecting the state demands

•   Other officers

–Bitikchi: record keeper of land revenue

–Khazandar: treasury officer

•   Sarkar divided into paraganas (tehsils)

–Tehsils had a batch of subordinate officers

–Shiqdar, amil, fotdar and qanungo

•    Each tehsil had about 12 villages

•    Villages were the lowest units of administration

–Mughals gave legal sanction to the panchayats

–Patwari and Chaukidar

Law and Order Administration

•The king and PM primarily responsible for maintaining  peace

•Provincial level: Faujdar. Below him kotwal.

•Villages neglected

HISTORY

Timeline of Indian History TILL 320 AD

• 2800 BC  -  Indus Valley Civilization begins in the northwestern region of India

 2600 BC-    Mohenjo-daro and Harappa phase of the Indus Valley  Civilization

                       begins in Punjab and Sindh. Other cities like Lothal, Mehrgarh also

                       emerged during this period.

• 1600 BC      India is invaded by the Aryans from the west

• 1400 BC      The Vedas, the Hindu scripture, was written

• 600 BC       The Upanishads written

• 599 BC         Mahavira, 24th Tirthankar of Jainism is born

• 563 BC         Gautam Buddha, founder of Buddhism is born in Lumbini

• 527 BC         Nirvana of Mahavira

• 492 BC         Bimbisara dies and is succeeded by Ajatashatru in Magadha  

                        Empire

• 483 BC         Death of Gautama Buddha in Kushinagar

• 326 BC         Alexander the Great moved into India, King Porus who ruled parts                                                                                 

                        of the Punjab, fought Alexander at the Battle of the Hydaspes  

                        River.

• 321 BC         Chandragupta Maurya established Mauryan dynasty defeating     

                       Dhana Nanda

• 305 BC        Chandragupta Maurya defeats Seleucus Nicator of the Seleucid  

                       Empire.

• 300 BC        Chola dynasty establishes his kingdom over southern India with  

                       capital in Thanjavur

• 269 BC        Ashoka the Great, grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, becomes

                       the emperor of India

• 261 BC         Kalinga War takes place between Magadha Empire and the

                       kingdom of Kalinga.

• 232 BC        Death of King Ashoka

• 185 BC         The Mauryan Empire, collapsed after its emperor Brihadrata was

                       assassinated by his general Pusyamitra Sunga who the established

                       the Sunga dynasty

• 50 AD         Establishment of the Kushan empire by Kujula Kadphises, first 

                       Buddhist stupa is constructed at Sanchi

• 300 AD       The Pallava dynasty is established in Kanchi

• 320 AD        The Gupta dynasty founded by Maharaja Sri Gupta, reunited    

                        northern India initiating